knowledge representation

OWL vs SHACL in 2026: classify requirements by entailment or graph acceptance, test missing and inconsistent values, and preserve a reproducible packet with explicit inference settings and expected reports.

A 2026 modeling test for SKOS concepts versus OWL classes, covering hierarchy semantics, punning, RDF fixtures, validation obligations and migration boundaries for context engineers.

A 2026 decision guide for ontology stewards: test changed referents, choose exact or candidate replacements, publish a migration notice, and measure consumer impact against an inventory.

A 2026 evidence guide to open-world negation, explicit negative knowledge, five epistemic states, local closure, negative sampling, and evaluation protocols.